Majyd Aziz
In Pakistan’s energy scenario, the
chickens have, literally, come home to roost. Years of indecisiveness coupled
with the hackneyed assertions that Pakistan has more electricity than required
has manifested into a situation where the nation’s foundations are shaking. New
words have entered the domestic lexicon and even the uninitiated are
recognizing and understanding the ramifications of these new or oft-used words.
Circular Debt, Rental Power Projects, Independent Power Projects, NEPRA, PPIB,
DISCOs, Loadshedding, etc are floated around casually every now and then.
Moreover, WAPDA and KESC have become words of ridicule and curse in the
languages spoken by residents in small hamlets and all the way to metropolitan
cities. It seems that, today, electricity can bring into power a political
party or even consign it into the wilderness.
With the advent of the new
government in Islamabad, all eyes are on the actions that Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif will take to tackle this issue. It is not possible to wave the magic
wand and announce “Voila! Let there be light” overnight. What is more
constructive is that all alternative channels must be energized to lessen the
magnitude of power crisis. Experts and laymen have been huddling to come up
with some pragmatic solutions. There is no other choice but to take the bull by
its horns.
The distressing fact is that even
though alternatives were available or could be harnessed, the proverbial
bureaucratic red-tape, the high incidences of corruption, the inability to
rewrite the rules and regulations, and the dishonorable vested interests have
so much impeded the momentum that just trying to get out of these tentacles has
become a gargantuan task for any investor or policymaker. Everybody and his
next door neighbor are talking about the wonders of Thar Coal, about Wind or
Solar power, about cheap Hydel power thru Dams that are susceptible to
provincial politics, and of course generating energy thru biogas, garbage, or
even imported tyres. There is also talk about fast track conversion of power
plants by imported coal.
All the above are doable and could
be feasible, and some may be done on a fast track but, frankly, many
alternatives are still a long way into the future. What should be done
immediately is to revisit the various rules and regulations that hamper or
slowdown the efforts of investors and get these amended, modified or removed.
These steps would introduce the concept of Merchant Power Plants (MPP) in the
country.
The government must pave the way
for MPPs by making it easier for investors to penetrate into this field and
take advantage of the back-breaking shortage of electricity. There is a need to
allow potential investors to enter into a comfort zone in this sector. There
should be no restriction on the use of fuel or on the minimum capacity for the
MPPS. However, in keeping with the vision of the government to utilize coal,
initially imported too, it is recommended that coal-based projects be
encouraged. It is a good augury that NEPRA recently announced an upfront tariff
of 9.65 cents per unit for large coal-based projects for 30 years while for
less than 200mw it would be 8.275 cents. It is hoped that NEPRA would soon
decide the tariff for less than 50 mw.
Merchant Power Plants (MPP) are not something new in the
world. Investors have developed over 200,000 MW of power plants in the United
States. India has an active Merchant Power program too. MPPs are technically
different in the sense that they are unlike the power plants operated by
WAPDA or KESC who distribute power at a set price that is determined through a
mechanism and approved by a regulatory body. They are legally and economically
different from IPPs and plants owned by traditional power companies in Pakistan
or, for that matter, even captive power plants of the industries. Unlike IPPs,
the MPPs have no single sales contract for the term of their life and there is
no guarantee about their continued income.
It should be understood that MPPs
will not be large power plants and only generation-based. What is important is
that capacity should not be the limiting factor. There are three guiding points
that justify the case for MPPs. First and foremost is the yawning gap between installed
capacity, between actual generation, and between immediate consumer demand. The
second fact is that investment in power plants is still not forthcoming at the
speed that is imperative. The third argument is that too much emphasis on
regulations and the dependence on WAPDA or KESC are impeding the distribution
of electricity.
Therefore, MPPs should be set up
and their viability and feasibility would become sustainable through three
options that could be availed by a potential MPP. An example of a MPP could be
a large industrial unit that has set up a captive power plant of, say 30 mw.
This unit can firstly use power for self-consumption, secondly under the system
of wheeling, sell extra power to WAPDA or KESC or use the existing power lines
for transmission to consumers within the area, and thirdly set up a grid to
supply power to units within its own proximity. Of course, if there are more
MPPs in any sector they could share ownership of the transmission lines to attain
economies of scale and reduce investment costs. In each case, the rate per unit
could be negotiated between the supplier and user rather than going through a
plethora of documentation, useless inspections, mind-boggling regulations, and
slow process of approvals. Thus electricity would be treated as a commodity
with its own market dynamics. This could attract investors from the stock
exchanges and thus, in effect, become a sort of retail power market.
The rationale for allowing MPPs is
pragmatic and makes sense. At present the transmission and distribution losses
are abnormally high and the main reason is theft, corruption, and free electricity.
Secondly there is excessive governmental interference in the workings of the
present energy sector companies. Thirdly, rates are regulated by the government
and inefficiencies, management inadequacies, theft, overstaffing, cost of
subsidies, etc are factored in to calculate the rates. Fourthly, since the
government is unable to rein in the galloping circular debt, the impact is
passed on to the consumer. More importantly, the gap between generation,
transmission and distribution would not be reduced any time soon. Ergo, a MPP
can be a game changer. It is proposed that this should be debated and discussed
by the economic planners on an urgent basis.
As US Congressman from Iowa Steve
King once stated: “That's the key: get the constitution
in place. Get rule of law in place, capital will come, electricity will follow.” This, in short, is the answer to our energy crisis.
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